This is a re-post of a Carbon Brief article by Roz Pidcock
The Arctic is intricately linked to earth's climate. As Arctic sea ice declines, the effects are being felt far beyond the Arctic region. Now a new study shows how losing sea ice means the top of the planet is absorbing more heat than it did just three decades ago - and it makes for a sobering read.
Scientists have noticed big changes in the Arctic since satellites started observing earth from space, thirty years ago. The area covered by sea ice is getting smaller and the ice is getting thinner, due largely to rising global temperature.
The loss is most noticeable at the end of summer, when sea ice shrinks to a minimum, as part of its seasonal cycle. In September 2012, Arctic sea ice reached its lowest extent since satellite records began.
Losing sea ice has knock on effects for climate. One of the most direct consequences is that losing sea ice changes something scientists call albedo. Albedo is a measure of how well the earth's surface reflects sunlight.
Snow-covered sea ice has a high albedo, reflecting up to 85 per cent of sunlight. As the area covered by ice and snow gets smaller, sunlight that would have been reflected is absorbed by open water instead, warming it up.
The albedo effect in the Arctic. Source: NASA
It's not only the ocean that warms. Heat from the warmer sea is released back into the air - raising atmospheric temperatures too. In turn, this melts more ice. It's largely for this reason that the Arctic region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet.
To find out how much Arctic ice loss is likely to influence and be influenced by warming in the coming century, scientists need a good understanding of how albedo has changed in response to recent temperature changes.
This is exactly what new research, published today in Nature Climate Change, looks at. It examines how Arctic albedo has changed over almost three decades, between 1982 and 2009.
The team of scientists from Finland use new satellite measurements of reflectivity throughout the melt season, from May to August, to look for trends over time across the whole Arctic region.
Every month except May has seen a decline in sea ice albedo over the 28-year period, the research finds. The exception didn't come as a surprise, say the researchers. Other studies have shown thick snow cover in May means the albedo doesn't change much.
The most rapid drop in albedo is seen in the month of August, when snow and ice melt is highest. The data suggests a fall in albedo of about three per cent per decade over the study period.
The loss is pretty clear in the satellite images below, which show albedo for the month of August in 1985 on the left and in 2008 on the right. Marked in red, areas with an albedo of 75 per cent or more have all but disappeared and have been replaced by green, which represents about 40 per cent. There is quite a lot more light blue, up to 30 per cent, and dark blue, which is 15 per cent and under.
Satellite images for August showing the shift from higher albedo (red) to lower albedo (blue) between 1985 (left) and 2008 (right). Source: Riihela et al., (2013)
Albedo is also affected by changes in the condition of the ice that remains. For example, ice is getting darker as industrial soot - known as black carbon - is finding its way into the Arctic.
Data from other studies suggest the rate of Arctic ice melt has accelerated since the 1990s, which might imply the rate of albedo loss has accelerated too. The new paper looks at this possibility but concludes there is too much year-to-year variability in this short time frame to come to any firm conclusions.
While albedo loss is most pronounced in August, the paper points out the drop in early summer is most important for global temperature, as that's typically when solar output is at its highest.
A warming Arctic has implications for the neighbouring Greenland ice sheet and Arctic wildlife - from the smallest algae to the biggest predators. On top of these more established impacts, scientists think sea ice loss might be disrupting winter weather in the northern hemisphere - another way that the impacts of change at the top of the planet might extend well beyond just the Arctic region.
Source: Riihelä et al., (2013) Observed changes in the albedo of the Arctic sea-ice zone for the period 1982 to 2009. Nature Climate Change, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE1963
Posted by dana1981 on Friday, 9 August, 2013
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