The EdX MOOC "Denial101x - Making Sense of Climate Science Denial" is fully supported by peer-reviewed research. This page presents the comprehensive list of references with links to the corresponding papers. The index below is organized by week and by lecture topic, and there is a corresponding list of MOOC lecture videos and expert interviews.
| 1. Vocal minority | 4. Sticky science |
| 2. Worldview backfire effect | 5. Flu shots |
| 3. Inoculation theory |
PALAEOSENS Project Members. (2012). Making sense of palaeoclimate sensitivity. Nature, 491(7426), 683-691. Link to PDF
Masson-Delmotte, V., M. Schulz, A. Abe-Ouchi, J. Beer, A. Ganopolski, J.F. González Rouco, E. Jansen, K. Lambeck, J. Luterbacher, T. Naish, T. Osborn, B. Otto-Bliesner, T. Quinn, R. Ramesh, M. Rojas, X. Shao and A. Timmermann, 2013: Information from Paleoclimate Archives. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Link to PDF
Flato, G., J. Marotzke, B. Abiodun, P. Braconnot, S.C. Chou, W. Collins, P. Cox, F. Driouech, S. Emori, V. Eyring, C. Forest, P. Gleckler, E. Guilyardi, C. Jakob, V. Kattsov, C. Reason and M. Rummukainen, 2013: Evaluation of Climate Models. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA Link to PDF
Dai, A. (2006). Recent climatology, variability, and trends in global surface humidity. Journal of Climate, 19(15), 3589-3606. Link to PDF
Dessler, A. E., & Davis, S. M. (2010). Trends in tropospheric humidity from reanalysis systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984?2012), 115(D19). Link to PDF
Hartmann, D.L., A.M.G. Klein Tank, M. Rusticucci, L.V. Alexander, S. Brönnimann, Y. Charabi, F.J. Dentener, E.J. Dlugokencky, D.R. Easterling, A. Kaplan, B.J. Soden, P.W. Thorne, M. Wild and P.M. Zhai, 2013: Observations: Atmosphere and Surface. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Link to PDF, pages 205-206, 198-199.
Willett, K. M., Jones, P. D., Gillett, N. P., & Thorne, P. W. (2008). Recent changes in surface humidity: Development of the HadCRUH dataset. Journal of Climate, 21(20), 5364-5383. Link to PDF
Willett, K. M., Jones, P. D., Thorne, P. W., & Gillett, N. P. (2010). A comparison of large scale changes in surface humidity over land in observations and CMIP3 general circulation models. Environmental Research Letters, 5(2), 025210. Link to PDF
Boucher, O., D. Randall, P. Artaxo, C. Bretherton, G. Feingold, P. Forster, V.-M. Kerminen, Y. Kondo, H. Liao, U. Lohmann, P. Rasch, S.K. Satheesh, S. Sherwood, B. Stevens and X.Y. Zhang, 2013: Clouds and Aerosols. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Link to PDF
Ruppel, C. D. (2011). Methane hydrates and contemporary climate change. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 29. Link to paper
Whiteman, G., Hope, C., & Wadhams, P. (2013). Climate science: Vast costs of Arctic change. Nature, 499(7459), 401-403. Link to abstract
Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Leifer, I., Sergienko, V., Salyuk, A., Kosmach, D., ... & Gustafsson, Ö. (2014). Ebullition and storm-induced methane release from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf. Nature Geoscience, 7(1), 64-70. Link to paper
MacDougall, A. H., Avis, C. A., & Weaver, A. J. (2012). Significant contribution to climate warming from the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature Geoscience, 5(10), 719-721. Link to abstract
Dmitrenko, I. A., Kirillov, S. A., Tremblay, L. B., Kassens, H., Anisimov, O. A., Lavrov, S. A., ... & Grigoriev, M. N. (2011). Recent changes in shelf hydrography in the Siberian Arctic: Potential for subsea permafrost instability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978?2012), 116(C10). Link to paper
Ciais, P., C. Sabine, G. Bala, L. Bopp, V. Brovkin, J. Canadell, A. Chhabra, R. DeFries, J. Galloway, M. Heimann, C. Jones, C. Le Quéré, R.B. Myneni, S. Piao and P. Thornton, 2013: Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Link to PDF, pages 530-531.
Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., ... & Ferrer, E. A. (2011). Has the Earth/'s sixth mass extinction already arrived?. Nature, 471(7336), 51-57. Link to paper
Courtillot, V., Kravchinsky, V.A., Quidelleur, X., Renne, P.R., & Gladkochub, D. (2010). Preliminary dating of the Viluy traps (Eastern Siberia): Eruption at the time of Late Devonian extinction events? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 300(3-4), 239-245. Link to abstract
Breecker, D.O., Sharp, Z.D., & McFadden, L.D. (2009). Atmospheric CO2 concentrations during ancient greenhouse climates were similar to those predicted for AD2100. PNAS, 107(2), 576-580. Link to article.
Xu, B., Z. Gu, C. Wang, Q. Hao, J. Han, Q. Liu, L. Wang, and Y. Lu (2012), Carbon isotopic evidence for the associations of decreasing atmospheric CO2level with the Frasnian-Famennian mass extinction, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G01032, Link to PDF.
Myrow, P.M., Ramezani, J., Hanson, A.E., Bowring, S.A. Racki, G., & Rakocincki, M. (2014, June). High-prevision U-Pd age and duration of the latest Devonian (Famennian) Hangenberg event, and its implications. Terra Nova, 26(3), 222-229. Link to abstract.
Blackburn, T.J., Olsen, P.E., Bowring, S.A., McLean, N.M., Kent, D.V., Puffer, J., McHone, G., Rasbury, E.T., Et-Touhami, M. (2013, May). Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the End-Triassic extinction with the central Atlantic magmatic province. Science, 340(6135). 941-945. Link.
Sun, Y., Joachimski, M. M., Wignall, P. B., Yan, C., Chen, Y., Jiang, H., ... & Lai, X. (2012). Lethally hot temperatures during the Early Triassic greenhouse. Science, 338(6105), 366-370. Link to PDF
Burgess, S. D., Bowring, S., & Shen, S. Z. (2014). High-precision timeline for Earth?s most severe extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(9), 3316-3321. Link to PDF.
Summary of polar bear population status per 2014 (2015). IUCN/SSC PBSG. http://pbsg.npolar.no/en/status/status-table.html. Accessed online 06 April 2015
Bromaghin, J.F, McDonald, T. L., Stirling, I., Derocher, A.E., Richardson, E.S., Regehr, E.V., Douglas, D.C., Durner, G.M., Atwood, T. & Amstrup, S.C. (2015). Polar bear population dynamics in the southern Beaufort Sea during a period of sea ice decline. Ecological Applications, 25(3), 634–651. Link to PDF
Polar Bears International. (2015). ?Polar Bears and Sea Ice Regions.? http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/where-do-polar-bears-live/polar-bears-sea-ice-regions
Regehr, E.V., Lunn, N.J., Amstrup, S.C. & Stirling, I. (2007). "Effects of earlier sea ice breakup on survival and population size of polar bears in western Hudson Bay." Journal of Wildlife Management 71(8): 2673?2683. Link to pdf.
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J. P., Langdon, C., & Opdyke, B. N. (1999). Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Science, 284(5411), 118-120. Link to PDF
Pelejero, C., Calvo, E., & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2010). Paleo-perspectives on ocean acidification. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25(6), 332-344. Link to PDF
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., ... & Hatziolos, M. E. (2007). Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. science, 318(5857), 1737-1742. Link to PDF
Mao-Jones, J., Ritchie, K. B., Jones, L. E., & Ellner, S. P. (2010). How microbial community composition regulates coral disease development. PLoS biology, 8(3), e1000345. Link to paper
Glynn, P. W., & D'croz, L. (1990). Experimental evidence for high temperature stress as the cause of El Nino-coincident coral mortality. Coral reefs, 8(4), 181-191. Link to paper
Eakin, C. M., Morgan, J. A., Heron, S. F., Smith, T. B., Liu, G., Alvarez-Filip, L., ... & Quinn, N. (2010). Caribbean corals in crisis: record thermal stress, bleaching, and mortality in 2005. PloS one, 5(11), e13969. Link to paper
Coffroth, M. A., Poland, D. M., Petrou, E. L., Brazeau, D. A., & Holmberg, J. C. (2010). Environmental symbiont acquisition may not be the solution to warming seas for reef-building corals. PLoS One, 5(10), e13258. Link to paper
Rahmstorf, S. (2007). A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. Science, 315(5810), 368-370. Link to PDF
Vermeer, M., & Rahmstorf, S. (2009). Global sea level linked to global temperature. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 106(51), 21527-21532. Link to paper
Phosphate pollution http://water.usgs.gov/edu/phosphorus.html Accessed online 06 April 2015
MASSACHUSETTS v. E.P.A.NO. 05-1120. 127 S.Ct. 1438 (2007) MASSACHUSETTS et al., Petitioners, v. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY et al. Supreme Court of United States. Supreme Court decision available onlinehttp://www.leagle.com/decision/20071565127dsct1438_11562.xml/MASSACHUSETTS%20v.%20E.P.A. Accessed online 06 April 2015
US EPA Endangerment finding: "Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act" http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment/
Solomon, S., Plattner, G. K., Knutti, R., & Friedlingstein, P. (2009). Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106(6), 1704-1709. Link to paper
Frölicher, T. L., Winton, M., & Sarmiento, J. L. (2014). Continued global warming after CO2 emissions stoppage. Nature Climate Change, 4(1), 40-44. Link to PDF
Porter, J.R. L. Xie, A.J. Challinor, K.Cochrane, S.M. Howden, M.M. Iqbal, D.B. Lobell, & M.I. Travasso. (2014) Food security and food production systems. In: Climate Change 2014 :I mpacts,Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field,C.B., V.R.Barros, D.J.Dokken, K.J.Mach, M.D.Mastrandrea, T.E.Bilir, M.Chatterjee, K.L.Ebi, Y.O.Estrada, R.C.Genova, B.Girma, E.S.Kissel, A.N.Levy, S.MacCracken, P.R.Mastrandrea, and L.L.White(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp.485-533. Link to PDF
Hartmann, D.L., A.M.G. Klein Tank, M. Rusticucci, L.V. Alexander, S. Brönnimann, Y. Charabi, F.J. Dentener, E.J. Dlugokencky, D.R. Easterling, A. Kaplan, B.J. Soden, P.W. Thorne, M. Wild and P.M. Zhai, 2013: Observations: Atmosphere and Surface. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Link to PDF, pages 213-216, 226-228.
Lloyds of London 2014: "Catastrophe Modelling and Climate Change" Link to pdf. Accessed online 06 April 2015
Min, S. K., X. Zhang, F. W. Zwiers, and G. C. Hegerl (2011), Human contribution to more-intense precipitation extremes, Nature, 470, 378?381. Link to abstract
Singh, D., Horton, D. E., Tsiang, M., Haugen, M., Ashfaq, M., Mei, R., ... & Diffenbaugh, N. S. (2014). Severe Precipitation in Northern India in June 2013: Causes, historical context, and changes in probability. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95(9), S58-S61. Link to PDF
Trenberth K. E. (2011), Changes in precipitation with climate change, Clim Res, 47:123-138. Link to PDF
Trenberth, K. E. (2012), Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change, Climatic change 115: 283-290. Link to PDF
Beniston, M. (2009), Decadal-scale changes in the tails of probability distribution functions of climate variables in Switzerland. Int. J. Climatol., 29: 1362?1368. doi: 10.1002/joc.1793. Link to Abstract
Della?Marta, P. M., Haylock, M. R., Luterbacher, J., & Wanner, H. (2007). Doubled length of western European summer heat waves since 1880. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984?2012), 112(D15). Link to PDF
Hartmann, D.L., A.M.G. Klein Tank, M. Rusticucci, L.V. Alexander, S. Brönnimann, Y. Charabi, F.J. Dentener, E.J. Dlugokencky, D.R. Easterling, A. Kaplan, B.J. Soden, P.W. Thorne, M. Wild and P.M. Zhai, 2013: Observations: Atmosphere and Surface. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Link to PDF, see pages 209-213, 218-219
IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Link to PDF, see pages 5, 7, 19, 20.
Stott, P. A., Stone, D. A., & Allen, M. R. (2004). Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003. Nature, 432(7017), 610-614. Link to Abstract. Link to interview with Stott.
Lloyds of London 2014: "Catastrophe Modelling and Climate Change" Link to pdf. Accessed online 06 April 2015.
Kollewe, J. (2014, May 8). Lloyd's calls on insurers to take into account climate-change risk. The Guardian. Link to article.
Roser-Renouf, C., Stenhouse, N., Rolfe-Redding, J., Maibach, E. W., & Leiserowitz, A. (2014). Engaging Diverse Audiences with Climate Change: Message Strategies for Global Warming's Six Americas. Available at SSRN 2410650. Link to PDF
Leviston, Z., Walker, I., & Morwinski, S. (2013). Your opinion on climate change might not be as common as you think. Nature Climate Change, 3(4), 334-337. Link to paper
Boykoff, M. T., & Boykoff, J. M. (2004). Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press. Global environmental change, 14(2), 125-136. Link to PDF
Boykoff, M. T. (2008). Lost in translation? United States television news coverage of anthropogenic climate change, 1995?2004. Climatic Change, 86(1-2), 1-11. Link to PDF
Batson, C. D. (1975). Rational processing or rationalization - effect of disconfirming information on a stated religious belief. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 176-184. Link to PDF
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106-131. Link to PDF
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014). Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 133(4), e835-e842. Link to PDF
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303-330. Link to PDF
Hart, P. S., & Nisbet, E. C. (2011). Boomerang effects in science communication: How motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies. Communication Research, 0093650211416646. Link to PDF
Jern, A., Chang, K. M. K., & Kemp, C. (2014). Belief polarization is not always irrational. Psychological review, 121(2), 206. Link to PDF
Smith, N., & Leiserowitz, A. (2012). The rise of global warming skepticism: Exploring affective image associations in the United States over time. Risk Analysis, 32(6), 1021-1032. Link to PDF
Hardisty, D. J., Johnson, E. J., & Weber, E. U. (2010). A dirty word or a dirty world? Attribute framing, political affiliation, and query theory. Psychological Science, 21(1), 86-92. Link to PDF
Bain, P. G., Hornsey, M. J., Bongiorno, R., & Jeffries, C. (2012). Promoting pro-environmental action in climate change deniers. Nature Climate Change, 2(8), 600-603. Link to PDF
A number of studies
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014). Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 133(4), e835-e842. Link to PDF
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303-330. Link to PDF
Hart, P. S., & Nisbet, E. C. (2011). Boomerang effects in science communication: How motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies. Communication Research, 0093650211416646. Link to PDF
Case of climate science
Leviston, Z., Walker, I., & Morwinski, S. (2013). Your opinion on climate change might not be as common as you think. Nature Climate Change, 3(4), 334-337. Link to paper
Misinformation matters
Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., Debell, M., Pasek, J., & Schneider, D. (2009). Featuring skeptics in news media stories about global warming reduces public beliefs in the seriousness of global warming. Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Technical Paper Link to PDF
Clark, D., Ranney, M. A., & Felipe, J. (2013). Knowledge helps: Mechanistic information and numeric evidence as cognitive levers to overcome stasis and build public consensus on climate change. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2070-2075). Link to PDF
Over 50 years
McGuire, W. J., & Papageorgis, D. (1961). The relative efficacy of various types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(2), 327. Link to abstract
One of the most effective ways
Tippett, C. D. (2010). Refutation text in science education: A review of two decades of research. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 8(6), 951-970. Link to PDF
A study done with 1st year psychology students
Kowalski, P., & Taylor, A. K. (2009). The effect of refuting misconceptions in the introductory psychology class. Teaching of Psychology, 36(3), 153-159. Link to abstract
Study of physics students
Muller, D. A., Bewes, J., Sharma, M. D., & Reimann, P. (2008). Saying the wrong thing: Improving learning with multimedia by including misconceptions. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(2), 144-155. Link to abstract
Schwarz, N., Sanna, L. J., Skurnik, I., & Yoon, C. (2007). Metacognitive experiences and the intricacies of setting people straight: Implications for debiasing and public information campaigns. Advances in experimental social psychology, 39, 127-161. Link to PDF
Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N. (2005). How warnings about false claims become recommendations. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 713-724. Link to PDF
Seifert, C. M. (2002). The continued influence of misinformation in memory: What makes a correction effective?. Psychology of learning and motivation, 41, 265-292. Link to PDF
Nyhan, B. & Reifler, J. (2013b). Which corrections work? Research results and practice recommendations. New America Foundation Research Report. Link to PDF
Heath, C., & Heath, D. (2007). Made to stick: Why some ideas survive and others die. Random House.
Heath, C., & Heath, D. (2007). Made to stick: Why some ideas survive and others die. Random House.
Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect: When misinformation in memory affects later inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1420?1436. Link to PDF
Tenney, E. R., Cleary, H. M. D., & Spellman, B. A. (2009). Unpacking the doubt in ?beyond a reasonable doubt?: Plausible alternative stories increase not guilty verdicts. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31, 1?8. Link to abstract
McGuire, W. J., & Papageorgis, D. (1961). The relative efficacy of various types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 26, 24-34.
Banas, J. A., & Rains, S. A. (2010). A meta-analysis of research on inoculation theory. Communication Monographs, 77(3), 281-311. Link to PDF
Diethelm, P., & McKee, M. (2009). Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?. The European Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 2-4. Link to paper
Posted by LarryM on Saturday, 29 August, 2015
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