Arguments
Skeptical Science New Research for Week #24 2023
Posted on 15 June 2023 by Doug Bostrom, Marc Kodack
125 articles in 66 journals by 848 contributing authors
Physical science of climate change, effects
The Sensitivity of Moisture Flux Partitioning in the Cold-Point Tropopause to External Forcing, Kroll et al., Geophysical Research Letters Open Access 10.1029/2022gl102262
The Time Scales of Climate Responses to Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols, Stjern et al., Journal of Climate Open Access pdf 10.1175/jcli-d-22-0513.1
Observations of climate change, effects
Centenary (1930–2023) climate, and snow cover changes in the Western Alps of Italy. The Ossola valley, Stucchi et al., Climatic Change Open Access 10.1007/s10584-023-03548-7
Country-level energy demand for cooling has increased over the past two decades, Scoccimarro et al., Communications Earth & Environment Open Access 10.1038/s43247-023-00878-3
Determining the fundamental dynamics of global sustainability in the Anthropocene from a vulnerability perspective, Phillips, The Anthropocene Review 10.1177/20530196231177697
The Role of Anthropogenic Forcings on the Regional Climate of Summertime Diurnal Variations over North China, Lin & Chen, Journal of Climate 10.1175/jcli-d-22-0498.1
Instrumentation & observational methods of climate change, effects
CHELSA-W5E5: daily 1 km meteorological forcing data for climate impact studies, Karger et al., Earth System Science Data Open Access 10.5194/essd-15-2445-2023
Different Satellite Products Revealing Variable Trends in Global Gross Primary Production, Bai et al., Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 10.1029/2022jg006918
Global High-Resolution Random Forest Regression Maps of Ocean Heat Content Anomalies Using In Situ and Satellite Data, Lyman & Johnson, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0058.1
Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: where does the energy go?, von Schuckmann et al., Earth System Science Data Open Access 10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023
Intra- and interspecific variation in spectral properties of dominant Sphagnum moss species in boreal peatlands, Salko et al., Ecology and Evolution Open Access 10.1002/ece3.10197
Modeling, simulation & projection of climate change, effects
Atmospheric circulation-constrained model sensitivity recalibrates Arctic climate projections, Topál & Ding Ding, Nature Climate Change 10.1038/s41558-023-01698-1
Northward Shifts of the Sahara Desert in Response to Twenty-First-Century Climate Change, Tian et al., Journal of Climate 10.1175/jcli-d-22-0169.1
Advancement of climate & climate effects modeling, simulation & projection
A Deep-learning Ensemble Method to Detect Atmospheric Rivers and Its Application to Projected Changes in Precipitation Regime, Tian et al., Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 10.1029/2022jd037041
Climate–ecosystem modelling made easy: The Land Sites Platform, Keetz et al., Global Change Biology Open Access 10.1111/gcb.16808
Different uncertainty in tropical oceanic and land precipitation sensitivities under global warming, Zhang & Huang, Atmospheric Research 10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.106850
Evaluating historical climate extremes in the FGOALS-g3 large ensemble in the presence of internal climate variability, Zhang et al., Climate Dynamics 10.1007/s00382-023-06842-3
Indian summer monsoon simulations in successive generations of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model, Kumar et al., Theoretical and Applied Climatology 10.1007/s00704-023-04514-0
Tropical Cyclone Genesis Potential Indices in a New High-Resolution Climate Models Ensemble: Limitations and Way Forward, Cavicchia et al., Geophysical Research Letters Open Access 10.1029/2023gl103001
Zooplankton grazing is the largest source of uncertainty for marine carbon cycling in CMIP6 models, Rohr et al., Communications Earth & Environment Open Access 10.1038/s43247-023-00871-w
Cryosphere & climate change
Atlantic water intrusion triggers rapid retreat and regime change at previously stable Greenland glacier, Chudley et al., Nature Communications Open Access 10.1038/s41467-023-37764-7
First Quantification of the Permafrost Heat Sink in the Earth's Climate System, Nitzbon et al., Geophysical Research Letters Open Access 10.1029/2022gl102053
Internal Gravity Waves Generated by Subglacial Discharge: Implications for Tidewater Glacier Melt, Cusack et al., Geophysical Research Letters Open Access 10.1029/2022gl102426
Sea level & climate change
Compensating errors in inversions for subglacial bed roughness: same steady state, different dynamic response, Berends et al., The Cryosphere Open Access 10.5194/tc-17-1585-2023
River Deltas and Sea-Level Rise, AKAMATSU et al., Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B Open Access pdf 10.2208/jscejb.62.169
Paleoclimate & paleogeochemistry
A 2000-year temperature reconstruction on the East Antarctic plateau, from argon-nitrogen and water stable isotopes in the Aurora Basin North ice core, Servettaz et al., Climate of the Past Open Access 10.5194/cp-19-1125-2023
Deglacial climate changes as forced by different ice sheet reconstructions, Bouttes et al., Climate of the Past Open Access 10.5194/cp-19-1027-2023
Stagnant North Atlantic Deep Water heat uptake with reduced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during the last deglaciation, Barragán?Montilla et al., Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 10.1029/2022pa004575
Biology & climate change, related geochemistry
CO2 fertilization contributed more than half of the observed forest biomass increase in northern extra-tropical land, He et al., Global Change Biology Open Access 10.1111/gcb.16806
Decreasing elevational gradient in peak photosynthesis timing on the Tibetan Plateau, Liu et al., Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109558
Elemental stoichiometry of the key calcifying marine phytoplankton Emiliania huxleyi under ocean climate change: A meta-analysis, Sheward et al., Global Change Biology Open Access 10.1111/gcb.16807
Expanding range and role change, Armarego-Marriott, Nature Climate Change Open Access 10.1038/s41558-023-01675-8
Findings of new phytoplankton species in the Barents Sea as a consequence of global climate changes, Makarevich et al., PeerJ Open Access 10.7717/peerj.15472
Increased importance of cool-water fish at high latitudes emerges from individual-level responses to warming, Smalås et al., Ecology and Evolution Open Access 10.1002/ece3.10185
Linking critical thermal maximum to mortality from thermal stress in a cold-water frog, Cicchino et al., Biology Letters 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0106
Maladaptive plastic responses of flowering time to geothermal heating, Ehrlén et al., Ecology 10.1002/ecy.4121
Microbial communities in terrestrial surface soils are not widely limited by carbon, Cui et al., Global Change Biology 10.1111/gcb.16765
Northern expansion is not compensating for southern declines in North American boreal forests, Rotbarth et al., Nature Communications Open Access 10.1038/s41467-023-39092-2
Physiologically vulnerable or resilient? Tropical birds, global warming, and redistributions, Monge et al., Ecology and Evolution Open Access pdf 10.1002/ece3.9985
Silicon isotopes highlight the role of glaciated fjords in modifying coastal waters, Hatton et al., Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 10.1029/2022jg007242
The impact of rising temperatures on the prevalence of coral diseases and its predictability: A global meta-analysis, Burke et al., Ecology Letters Open Access 10.1111/ele.14266
GHG sources & sinks, flux, related geochemistry
A process-based model for quantifying the effects of canal blocking on water table and CO2 emissions in tropical peatlands, Urzainki et al., Biogeosciences Open Access 10.5194/bg-20-2099-2023
An investigation of the global uptake of CO2 by lime from 1930 to 2020, Bing et al., Earth System Science Data Open Access 10.5194/essd-15-2431-2023
Estimating nitrous oxide emissions based on TN discharge from municipal wastewater treatment plants: A case study for the city of Xiamen, China, Bai et al., Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology 10.1002/ghg.2230
Global warming accelerates soil heterotrophic respiration, Nissan et al., Nature Communications Open Access 10.1038/s41467-023-38981-w
Important Contribution of Bacterial Carbon and Nitrogen to Sinking Particle Export, Shen et al., Geophysical Research Letters Open Access 10.1029/2022gl102485
Krill body size drives particulate organic carbon export in West Antarctica, Trinh et al., Nature 10.1038/s41586-023-06041-4
Multiscale temporal variability of the global air-sea CO2 flux anomaly, Gu et al., Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 10.1029/2022jg006934
No detectable upper limit of mineral-associated organic carbon in temperate agricultural soils, Begill et al., Global Change Biology Open Access 10.1111/gcb.16804
On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange, Gutiérrez-Loza et al., Biogeosciences Open Access pdf 10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022
Priming effect stimulates carbon release from thawed permafrost, He et al., Global Change Biology 10.1111/gcb.16750
Quantifying carbon storage and sequestration by native and non-native forests under contrasting climate types, Lázaro?Lobo et al., Global Change Biology Open Access 10.1111/gcb.16810
Quantifying the effects sizes of common controls on methane emissions from an ombrotrophic peat bog, Taylor et al., Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 10.1029/2022jg007271
Responses of soil C pools to combined warming and altered precipitation regimes: A meta-analysis, Wei et al., Global Ecology and Biogeography Open Access pdf 10.1111/geb.13719
Spatial and temporal variations of gross primary production simulated by land surface model BCC&AVIM2.0, Li et al., Advances in Climate Change Research Open Access 10.1016/j.accre.2023.02.001
Three Gorges Dam Operations Affect the Carbon Dioxide Budget of a Large Downstream Connected Lake, Zhao et al., Geophysical Research Letters Open Access 10.1029/2022gl102697
CO2 capture, sequestration science & engineering
Negative CO2 emissions in the lime production using an indirectly heated carbonate looping process, Greco-Coppi et al., Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change Open Access 10.1007/s11027-023-10064-7
Decarbonization
An Action-Oriented Approach to Make the Most of the Wind and Solar Power Complementarity, Jerez et al., Earth's Future Open Access 10.1029/2022ef003332
Designing a future-proof gas and hydrogen infrastructure for Europe – A modelling-based approach, Kotek et al., Energy Policy Open Access 10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113641
Grooved electrodes for high-power-density fuel cells, Lee et al., Nature Energy 10.1038/s41560-023-01263-2
Phase evolution under pressure, Javanbakht, Materialia Open Access 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101199
Pure Chloride 2D/3D Heterostructure Passivation for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells, Tan et al., Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research Open Access pdf 10.1002/aesr.202200189
Geoengineering climate
Actors, legitimacy, and governance challenges facing negative emissions and solar geoengineering technologies, Sovacool et al., Environmental Politics Open Access 10.1080/09644016.2023.2210464
Aerosols
A new process-based and scale-aware desert dust emission scheme for global climate models – Part I: Description and evaluation against inverse modeling emissions, Leung et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Open Access 10.5194/acp-23-6487-2023
Ocean Heat Content responses to changing Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing Strength: Regional and multi-decadal variability, Boland et al., Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Open Access 10.1029/2022jc018725
Climate change communications & cognition
Australian Youth Mental Health and Climate Change Concern After the Black Summer Bushfires, Lykins et al., EcoHealth Open Access 10.1007/s10393-023-01630-1
Climate change knowledge, attitude and perception of undergraduate students in Ghana, Ofori et al., PLOS Climate Open Access 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000215
Harnessing the mental imprints of climate change for collective climate action, Mishra & Ramanathan, PLOS Climate Open Access 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000233
Participating in a climate prediction market increases concern about global warming, Cerf et al., Nature Climate Change 10.1038/s41558-023-01679-4
Polarization within consensus? An audience segmentation model of politically dependent climate attitudes in Denmark, Lind et al., Journal of Environmental Psychology 10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102054
Queering Climate Change: Exploring the Influence of LGBTQ+ Identity on Climate Change Belief and Risk Perceptions, Whitley & Bowers, Sociological Inquiry Open Access pdf 10.1111/soin.12534
The use of qualitative research to better understand public opinions on climate change, Kleinberg & Toomey , Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences Open Access 10.1007/s13412-023-00841-w
Agronomy, animal husbundry, food production & climate change
Climate-Exacerbated Impacts May Drive Maladaptive Action in Agriculture, Wilson et al., Weather, Climate, and Society 10.1175/wcas-d-22-0074.1
Climate-induced changes to provisioning ecosystem services in rural socioecosystems in Mexico, Arenas-Wong et al., Weather and Climate Extremes Open Access 10.1016/j.wace.2023.100583
Dried up Bt cotton narratives: climate, debt and distressed livelihoods in semi-arid smallholder India, Karamchedu, Climate and Development Open Access 10.1080/17565529.2023.2211037
Farmers’ preference and willingness to pay for weather forecast services in Benin (West Africa), Hounnou et al., Regional Environmental Change 10.1007/s10113-023-02058-7
Hierarchy of value orientation and beliefs in climate change influencing the farmers’ extractive or non-extractive behavior on the farm, Karami, Environment, Development and Sustainability Open Access pdf 10.1007/s10668-023-03215-y
The effects of climate change on food production in India: evidence from the ARDL model, Ahmed et al., Environment, Development and Sustainability Open Access 10.1007/s10668-023-03209-w
Hydrology, hydrometeorology & climate change
Geomorphic response of low-gradient, meandering and braided alluvial river channels to increased sediment supply, Kemper et al., Earth 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104429
MOPREDAS¢ury database and precipitation trends in mainland Spain, 1916–2020, Gonzalez?Hidalgo et al., International Journal of Climatology Open Access pdf 10.1002/joc.8060
Climate change economics
Avoiding investment in fossil fuel assets, Kennedy et al., Journal of Industrial Ecology Open Access 10.1111/jiec.13401
Conflict sensitive climate finance: lessons from the green climate fund, Scartozzi, Climate Policy Open Access 10.1080/14693062.2023.2212640
Hard to say goodbye: South Korea, Japan, and China as the last lenders for coal, Davidson et al., Environmental Politics 10.1080/09644016.2023.2211488
Impact of income inequality on renewable energy demand in south Asian economies, Mahalik et al., Energy Policy 10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113628
The drivers and barriers of energy efficiency, Su, Energy Policy Open Access 10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113598
Climate change mitigation public policy research
A mainstay of budget? Coal mining as a source of revenue for Polish local governments, Swoczyna & Karaczun Karaczun Karaczun, Energy Policy 10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113658
Accelerated economic recovery in countries powered by renewable, Donohue et al., Ecological Economics Open Access 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107916
Can China's energy-consumption permit trading scheme achieve the “Porter” effect? Evidence from an estimated DSGE model, Zhang et al., Energy Policy 10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113671
Clean and low-carbon heating in the building sector of China: 10-Year development review and policy implications, Nie et al., Energy Policy 10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113659
Crisis and opportunity: Transforming climate governance for SMEs, Hampton et al., Global Environmental Change Open Access 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102707
Estimating financial compensation and minimum guaranteed charge for vehicle-to-grid technology, Mehdizadeh et al., Energy Policy Open Access 10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113649
Identifying policy areas for the transition of the transportation sector, Hainsch, Energy Policy Open Access 10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113591
National climate change acts: the emergence, form and nature of national framework climate legislation, Li & Zhu , Environmental Politics Open Access 10.1080/09644016.2023.2213136
Quantitative evaluation of large corporate climate action initiatives shows mixed progress in their first half-decade, Ruiz Manuel & Blok, Nature Communications Open Access 10.1038/s41467-023-38989-2
Resource exporter or R&D champion? Leverage points and transition pathways for the Chilean energy sector, Winberg, Managing Risk and Uncertainty in International Trade Open Access 10.4324/9780429038501-2
The dilemma and potential development of biodiesel in China - In view of production capacity and policy, Li et al., Energy for Sustainable Development 10.1016/j.esd.2023.05.005
The estimation of carbon imbalance and driving factors in China's urban residential building sector, You et al., Urban Climate Open Access 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101571
Zimbabwe’s roadmap for decarbonisation and resilience: An evaluation of policy (in)consistency, Chivhenge et al., Global Environmental Change 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102708
Climate change adaptation & adaptation public policy research
A framework to assess multi-hazard physical climate risk for power generation projects from publicly-accessible sources, Luo et al., Communications Earth & Environment Open Access pdf 10.1038/s43247-023-00782-w
A review of climatic impacts on water main deterioration, Ahmad et al., Urban Climate Open Access 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101552
Centering equity in the development of a community resilience planning resource, Fry et al., Climate Risk Management Open Access 10.1016/j.crm.2023.100520
Climate change adaptation trends among Indigenous peoples: a systematic review of the empirical research focus over the last 2 decades, Taylor et al., Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10.1007/s11027-023-10063-8
Demonstrating the value of beaches for adaptation to future coastal flood risk, Toimil et al., Nature Communications Open Access 10.1038/s41467-023-39168-z
Identifying the links among urban climate hazards, mitigation and adaptation actions and sustainability for future resilient cities, Sebestyén et al., Urban Climate Open Access 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101557
Locally led adaptation: Promise, pitfalls, and possibilities, Rahman et al., Ambio Open Access 10.1007/s13280-023-01884-7
Quantifying uncertainty and sensitivity in climate risk assessments: varying hazard, exposure and vulnerability modelling choices, Dawkins et al., Climate Risk Management Open Access 10.1016/j.crm.2023.100511
Testing the reliability of adaptive capacity as a proxy for adaptive and transformative responses to climate change, Bartelet et al., Global Environmental Change Open Access 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102700
The estimation of carbon imbalance and driving factors in China's urban residential building sector, You et al., Urban Climate Open Access 10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101571
The hazard components of representative key risks The physical climate perspective, Tebaldi et al., Climate Risk Management Open Access 10.1016/j.crm.2023.100516
What drives local climate change adaptation? A qualitative comparative analysis, Braunschweiger & Ingold , Environmental Science & Policy Open Access 10.1016/j.envsci.2023.03.013
Climate change impacts on human health
Analysis of long- and short-term biometeorological conditions in the Republic of Serbia, Miloševi? et al., International Journal of Biometeorology 10.1007/s00484-023-02482-8
Climate change & geopolitics
When Climate Change Determines International Agreements: Evidence from Water Treaties, Candau & Gbandi , Environmental and Resource Economics Open Access 10.1007/s10640-023-00776-4
Other
Coupled surface to deep Earth processes: Perspectives from TOPO-EUROPE with an emphasis on climate- and energy-related societal challenges, Cloetingh et al., Global and Planetary Change 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104140
Interdecadal Change of Tropical Cyclone Translation Speed during Peak Season in South China Sea: Observed Evidence, Model Results, and Possible Mechanism, Shan et al., Journal of Climate Open Access pdf 10.1175/jcli-d-22-0704.1
North Atlantic Oscillation contributes to the subpolar North Atlantic cooling in the past century, Fan et al., Climate Dynamics 10.1007/s00382-023-06847-y
Sea2Cloud: From Biogenic Emission Fluxes to Cloud Properties in the Southwest Pacific, Sellegri et al., Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Open Access pdf 10.1175/bams-d-21-0063.1
Informed opinion, nudges & major initiatives
Fifteen research needs for understanding climate change impacts on ecosystems and society in the Norwegian High North, Kebir et al., Ambio Open Access 10.1007/s13280-023-01882-9
Placing diverse knowledge systems at the core of transformative climate research, Orlove et al., Ambio Open Access 10.1007/s13280-023-01857-w
Representation of adaptation in quantitative climate assessments, van Maanen et al., Nature Climate Change Open Access 10.1038/s41558-023-01644-1
The effectiveness of global protected areas for climate change mitigation, Duncanson et al., Nature Communications Open Access 10.1038/s41467-023-38073-9
Articles/Reports from Agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations Addressing Aspects of Climate Change
Navigating Green Infrastructure Maintenance with Capitalized Establishment Costs, Vo et al., Environmental Policy Innovation Center and Water Alliance
For nearly two decades, local stormwater managers have recognized green infrastructure (GI) as an effective, multi-benefit approach to manage stormwater. GI provides significant benefits for combating the water quality and climate change related challenges that municipalities face. In addition, GI can capture and reuse stormwater to enhance water supply reliability, creating resilience to drought. Beyond these water management benefits, GI generates community and economic co-benefits including local green jobs, among others. Yet, GI has mostly remained on the fringes of stormwater management. A “nice to have” amenity. To realize its potential and have a substantial impact for communities, GI needs to scale up rapidly. Lack of funds to pay for GI maintenance is often cited as a leading barrier to getting to scale. The authors present a solution GI practitioners and proponents can add to the toolkit for navigating this funding barrier and getting to scale: ensuring that the three to five-year vegetative establishment period for GI is treated as a capital cost instead of a maintenance expense. Recognizing establishment period costs as capital costs unlocks access to key financing options.
Climate Change in the American Mind: Beliefs & Attitudes, Spring 2023, Leiserowitz et al., Yale Program on Climate Change and George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication
Americans who think global warming is happening now outnumber those who think it is not happening by a ratio of nearly 5 to 1 (74% versus 15%). A majority of Americans (61%) understand that global warming is mostly human-caused. By contrast, 28% think it is caused mostly by natural changes in the environment. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say they are at least “somewhat worried” about global warming. This includes 30% of Americans who say they are “very worried.” About one in ten Americans (11%) have considered moving to avoid the impacts of global warming. A majority of Americans (62%) say they feel a personal sense of responsibility to help reduce global warming. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) disagree with the statement “it’s already too late to do anything about global warming,” while only 13% agree.
Waste and Water Woes. Popular conservation programs should focus on small-scale and sustainable farms, not industrial-scale farms, Michael Happ, Institute for Agricultural and Trade Policies
The authors examines the state of water and agriculture in the U.S. as it relates to Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). Irrigation-related practices remained some of the more popular and costly uses of EQIP dollars in 2022. As climate change intensifies, droughts lengthen and aquifers deplete, there will likely be more demand for irrigation infrastructure. There is a need for better water use regulation across the country to lessen the strain on EQIP. Improvements in soil health, more thoughtful crop rotations and learning from traditional ecological knowledge can also go a long way in conserving the U.S.’ water resources. The author found that industrial practices, or practices that are often structural rather than plant or natural systems-based, receive an outsize share of EQIP funding. Two of the top 10 EQIP practices by total dollar amount spent are practices that are industrial, providing little to no conservation benefits.
Net Zero Stocktake 2023, Axelsson et al., NewClimate Institute, Oxford Net Zero, Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit and Data-Driven EnviroLab
Growth in the number of national and subnational net zero targets has slowed, but company net zero target-setting momentum continues at speed. National government net zero targets underpinned by legislation or policy documents increased substantially in the last two-and-a-half years, from less than 10% to 75%. A significant share of subnational and corporate entities still lack any emission reduction target whatsoever, at the global level and within the G7. Collectively, there are limited signs of improvement in the robustness of subnational and corporate net zero targets and strategies. More entities are clarifying their intention to use carbon dioxide removals (CDR) in their value chain. Despite having net zero pledges, no major producer countries or companies have committed to phasing out fossil fuels.
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How is New Research assembled?
Most articles appearing here are found via RSS feeds from journal publishers, filtered by search terms to produce raw output for assessment of relevance.
Relevant articles are then queried against the Unpaywall database, to identify open access articles and expose useful metadata for articles appearing in the database.
The objective of New Research isn't to cast a tinge on scientific results, to color readers' impressions. Hence candidate articles are assessed via two metrics only:
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